New HS/FID and traditional enzymatic methods for blood alcohol analysis in Libyan patients with myocardial infarction: A comparative study
Asma O. Jebril, Mohammed Al-Rahim, Doaa Mansour
Abstract
Determination of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in heart disease patients is crucial for clinical and forensic purposes; enzymatic ethanol assays are widely used to determine blood alcohol content for individuals admitted to a hospital. In some instances, this hospital data is later used as evidence in a court of law. As the enzymatic assay targets, but does not exclusively measure, ethanol, it is theoretically possible that interference could occur and produce a falsely elevated result, leading to wrongful convictions or other consequences. This study examined the potential of clinically relevant levels of one potential interferent, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme, to cause significant and falsely elevated results and compared this method with chemical and new HS-GC/FID methods. The study was conducted on 48 individuals (24 myocardial infarction patients, 24 healthy volunteers) in Tripoli, Libya. The BAC (mg/dL) results for healthy and myocardial infarction patients showed a significant difference using the enzymatic method and no difference using the HS-GC/FID method. A clear difference with high significance of BAC appears for myocardial infarction patients by using the enzymatic and HS-GC/FID methods. The Pearson correlation coefficient between LDH levels and BAC by the enzymatic method is 0.76, indicating a strong positive correlation. This suggests that as LDH levels increase, BAC levels also tend to increase (LDH interference may contribute to falsely elevated ethanol readings in myocardial infarction patients), affecting the accuracy of BAC determination. HS-GC/FID is advised over the enzymatic approach, particularly in individuals with myocardial infarction (elevated LDH levels).
Keywords
References
- Dubowski KM. Alcohol determination in the clinical laboratory. American Society of Clinical Pathologists. 1980; 0002-9173/80/1100/0747
- Wasfi IA, Al-Awadhi AH, Al-Hatali ZN, Al-Rayami FJ, Al Katheeri NA. Rapid and sensitive static headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the analysis of ethanol and abused inhalants in blood. Journal of Chromatography B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2004; 799: 331-336. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.11.003
- Astara S, Butnaru E. Validation of a GC/HS method for ethanol quantitative analysis using as internal standard tert-butanol. FARMACIA. 2011; 59: 721-728. doi: Nil.
- Ozturk A, Temel I, Yalcindag A, Ucar F, Yay F.Verification of enzymatic ethanol analysis method and method comparison with headspace gas chromatography. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry. 2022; 47(5): 557-563. doi: 10.1515/tjb-2021-0280
- Ialongo C, Jones AW. The enzymatic analysis of alcohol (ethanol) in serum and plasma with the alcohol dehydrogenase reagent: focus on intra-analytical and post-analytical aspects. Biochemica Medica (Zagreb) 2025; 35(3): 030501. doi: 10.11613/BM.2025.030501
- Bergman BC, Wolfel EE, Butterfield GE, Lopaschuk GD, Casazza GA, Horning MA, et al. Active muscle and whole-body lactate kinetics after endurance training in men. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1999; 87(5): 1684-96. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1999.87.5.1684
- Stanley WC. Changes in cardiac metabolism: A critical step from stable angina to ischemic cardiomyopathy. European Heart Journal Supplements. 2001; 3(0): 2-7. doi: 10.1016/S1520-765X(01)90147-6
- Daglioglu N, Keten A, Akcan R, Efeoglu P, Cekin N. Determination of blood ethanol levels: Comparison of enzymatic and gas chromatographic methods. Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2012; 26(3): 165-170. doi: 10.5505/ adlitip.2012.36449
- Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by Anil Aggrawal. https://forensicreader.com/best-forensic-medicine-and-toxicology-books/#google_vignette.
- Van Gent PK . The determination of alcohol in blood by the South African modified Kozelka-Hine method: blood alcohol level as legal evidence. South African Medical Journal. 1970; 44(22): 642-643. PMID: 5426767.
- Ialongo C, Jones AW. The enzymatic analysis of alcohol (ethanol) in serum and plasma with the alcohol dehydrogenase reagent: focus on intra-analytical and post-analytical aspects. Biochemica Medica (Zagreb) 2025; 35(3): 030501. doi: 10.11613/BM.2025.030501
- Tiscione NB, Alford I, Yeatman DT, Shan X. Ethanol analysis by headspace Gas Chromatography with Simultaneous Flame-Ionization and Mass Spectrometry Detection. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2011; 35(7): 501-511. doi: 10.1093/anatox/35.7.501
- Elmiladi SA, Elgdhafi EO. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Libyan patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 2013-2022. Mediterranean Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2023; 3(2): 27-33. doi: 10.5281/ zenodo.7877416
- Elferjany SM, El-Sharif SI, Abduelkarem AR, Khan MN. Impact of cardiovascular risk screening in an academic institution, Benghazi, Libya. Mediterranean Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2026; 6(3): 40-49. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21833707
- Rafi IK, Rahman MM. Factors related to the degree of knowledge regarding hypertension in Kishoreganj, Bangladesh. Mediterranean Journal of Medical Research. 2025; 2(1): 1-5. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.15091123
- Vasudevan G, Mercer DW, Varat MA. Lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme determination in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1978; 57(6):1055-1057. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.57.6.1055
- Aydin S, Ugur K, Aydin S, Sahin İ, Yardim M. Biomarkers in acute myocardial infarction: Current perspectives. Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2019; 15: 1-10. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S166157
- Bishop-Freeman SC, Bertholf RL, Powers RH, Mayhew LC, Winecker RE. False-positive enzymatic alcohol results in perimortem specimens. Laboratory Medicine. 2020; 51(4): 394-401. doi: 10.1093/labmed/lmz082
Submitted date:
04/11/2026
Reviewed date:
08/13/2026
Accepted date:
08/18/2026
Publication date:
08/18/2026
